The revolution in the Russian Empire took place in 1917. In 1918 the country became the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic, which was able to prevail in the civil wars that followed, but suffered territorial losses. Belarus and Ukraine, which had made themselves independent at the beginning of the Russian Revolution, had been partitioned between the USSR and Poland after the Soviet-Polish war of 1920. In Poland, a kingdom linked to Russia in personal union since the Congress of Vienna, the republic was proclaimed in 1918. The former Russian-Baltic provinces of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania had also declared themselves independent states in 1918.Finland proclaimed its independence in 1917 and had been a republic since 1919.
While the borders of Portugal and Spain remained unchanged after the First World War, Italy was able to gain smaller areas in the north and east. In the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne under Kemal Ataturk, Turkey secured the state territory that roughly corresponds to today’s. In Ireland in 1916, the independent Irish Republic was proclaimed, in 1921, became the Free State after the transfer of the province of Ulster (Northern Ireland) to Great Britain. Iceland became an independent kingdom in 1918, linked to Denmark in a personal union.
In 1936, by occupying the demilitarized Rhineland, the German Reich first broke the Locarno Treaties, in which the European nations had guaranteed their territorial integrity in 1925, not least through the commitment of the German Foreign Minister Stresemann. The invasion of Austria in 1938 and the annexation of Czechoslovakia approved by England and France at the Munich Conference in 1939 were the immediate harbingers of the German war of conquest. For more information about the continent of Europe, please check ethnicityology.com.
Yearbook 2005 Vatican City. According to countryaah, Vatican City is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Holy See. Pope John Paul II died at the age of 84 in his residence in the Vatican April 2 in the suites after a neck operation in February. After the operation, the […]
Yearbook 2005 UK. Four Britons who were imprisoned in the US Guantánamo camp in Cuba were released at the end of January. They were arrested on arrival in the UK but released the following day. The men claimed to have been tortured in the camp, something the United States On April 9, Prince Charles marries […]
Yearbook 2005 Ukraine. In January, the newly elected President Viktor Yushchenko took office. He appointed his armistice in last year’s “orange” revolution, the right-wing Liberal Yulia Tymoshenko, as new prime minister. She formed a broad coalition government with Yushchenko loyalist parties. pledged to fight corruption and to implement reforms in order to prepare Ukraine for […]
Yearbook 2005 Turkey. After 40 years of efforts, Turkey began membership negotiations with the EU on 3 October. During the fierce discussions that led to the last of the EU Council of Ministers in Luxembourg, Austria objected to Turkey being offered full membership. Only when the EU gave Austria’s protectionist Croatia green light to start […]
Yearbook 2005 Switzerland. In June, Switzerland approved the accession to the EU’s Schengen and Dublin conventions on closer security cooperation. According to countryaah, Bern is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Switzerland. This means that Switzerland will be part of the passport-free Schengen area. Parliament had decided on accession […]
The breakthrough of democracy During the first two decades of the 20th century, political life was dominated by the closely intertwined issues of voting, parliamentary and defense. As early as the 1890s, an out-of-parliamentary voting rights movement with general and equal voting rights appeared on the program, with support mainly from socialists and radical liberals. […]
Yearbook 2005 Spain. At the beginning of the year, the government issued an amnesty for illegal immigrants who had been living in Spain for at least six months and had work. It was justified by the fact that the country needs manpower. According to countryaah, Madrid is the capital and one of the major cities […]
Yearbook 2005 Slovenia. According to countryaah, Ljubljana is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Slovenia. Parliament voted in February with a large majority for ratification of the EU Treaty on a new constitution. Slovenia became the third EU country to approve the treaty, but the referendum in France in […]
Yearbook 2005 Slovakia. According to countryaah, Bratislava is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Slovakia. Slovakia’s capital Bratislava hosted a summit in February between US President George W. Bush and his Russian colleague Vladimir Putin. Also see abbreviationfinder.org for how the acronym SK stands for the country of Slovakia […]
According to countryaah, Belgrade is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Serbia. In June 2000, the National Assembly passed a number of amendments to the Constitution, which included: implied that the president should be elected by direct popular elections and not by the National Assembly as before. The Constitution […]
Yearbook 2005 San Marino. According to countryaah, San Marino is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of San Marino. In March, San Marino’s parliament approved an agreement with the EU on the taxation of savings accounts for non-residents. In addition, a declaration of intent was adopted with the aim of […]
Yearbook 2005 Russian Federation. Pensioners across the Russian Federation protested in January that they had lost the benefit of free public transport from the beginning of the year and lost their discounts on medicines and electricity, among other things. In the demonstrations, slogans seemed like “Hitler took away a happy childhood and Putin a quiet […]
Yearbook 2005 Romania. In April, Romania, together with Bulgaria, received the EU Parliament’s accession to the EU in 2007. But before that, Romania must further reform the judiciary, fight corruption, cut government subsidies and secure the rights of the Romanian minority, otherwise the EU entry may be delayed by one year. At the end of […]
Yearbook 2005 Portugal. According to countryaah, Lisbon is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Portugal. The Socialist Party won big in the recent election in February over the ruling alliance between the Liberal Conservative Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the right-wing populist People’s Party (PP). For the first time […]
Yearbook 2005 Poland. The acting government chief, Prime Minister Marek Belka, announced at the beginning of the year that he intended to step down and announce early elections. However, Parliament did not agree to an earlier election, and President Aleksander Kwaśniewski refused to accept a power vacuum at the Council of Europe Summit in Warsaw […]
Yearbook 2005 Norway. Also in 2005, there was conflict over the Kurdish Islamist mulla Krekar, who has long had asylum in Norway but who has been accused of terror in Iraq. The government decided to expel Krekar, who was appealing but lost in court, with regard to the security of the state. However, the government […]
Yearbook 2005 Northern Macedonia (until 2019 Macedonia). According to countryaah, Skopje is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of North Macedonia. Former Interior Minister Ljube Boskovski was prosecuted in March by the UN Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The charge against Boskovski as well as a former police officer […]
Yearbook 2005 Netherlands. The first referendum ever held in the Netherlands was held in June, when voters had to decide on the Treaty establishing a new constitution for the EU. Few were surprised when the former EU-friendly Dutch voted against the treaty. The French no a few days earlier had strengthened the position of the […]
According to countryaah, Podgorica is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Montenegro. Also see abbreviationfinder.org for how the acronym MW stands for the country of Montenegro and other meanings of this two-letter abbreviation. Mafia In the 1990s, there was a major problem with cigarette smuggling in Montenegro. Smuggling is […]
Yearbook 2005 Monaco. According to countryaah, Monaco is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Monaco. The head of state, Prince Rainier III, who has been on the throne since 1949, died in April, 81 years old. After three months of official country grief, his son took the title of […]
Yearbook 2005 Moldova. Before the March parliamentary elections, President Vladimir Voronin accused “foreign forces” of meddling in Moldovan politics. Shortly before the election, groups of Russian and Belarusian citizens who were considered to want to disrupt the elections were rejected. According to Voronin, Moscow supported both the opposition Alliance Democratic Moldova and the separatists in […]
Yearbook 2005 Malta. Since Malta entered the EU in May 2004, more and more refugees have come to the island, most of them from northern Africa. According to countryaah, Valletta is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Malta. Malta has Europe’s toughest asylum policy, according to the UNHCR, which […]
Yearbook 2005 Luxembourg. According to countryaah, Luxembourg is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Luxembourg. The Luxembourg people voted in a referendum in July for the Treaty on a New EU Constitution. Unlike several other EU countries, Luxembourg, despite voters in France and the Netherlands, previously voted no to […]
Yearbook 2005 Lithuania. At New Year, the oldest reactor in the Ignalina nuclear power plant was closed. The second reactor will be closed in 2009. The EU has called for shutdowns because the reactors are of the same type as the Chernobyl accident reactor. The decision has aroused opposition in Lithuania, and Prime Minister Algirdas […]
Yearbook 2005 Liechtenstein. According to countryaah, Vaduz is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Liechtenstein. The ruling Civil Progress Party, the FBP, lost a mandate and lost its majority in the Land Day when elections were held in March. Even the largest opposition party of the Fosterlands Union, VU, […]
Yearbook 2005 Latvia. Latvia’s relationship with Russia was further complicated during the year, while ties with the United States were strengthened. According to countryaah, Riga is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Latvia. Latvia President Vaira Vīke-Freiberga accepted his Russian colleague Vladimir Putin’s invitation to attend Moscow in May […]
Yearbook 2005 Kosovo. According to countryaah, Pristina is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Kosovo. Prime Minister Ramush Haradinaj resigned in March when the UN Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia prosecuted him for suspected abuses during the Kosovo 1998-99 conflict. Haradinaj stated that he intended to cooperate with […]
Yearbook 2005 Italy is one of the EU members located in south Europe. Protests erupted when a smoking ban was introduced in public places on January 10. Civilian-clad police and health inspectors sneaked around cafes and restaurants and handed out fines to visitors who broke the ban and to establishments that allowed guests to smoke. […]
In terms of history and culture, the island must be recognized throughout the world as a great power with its writers and musicians. Irish music plays happily everywhere and good humor also catches the tourist. The border town of Londonderry has in recent years become a popular city of culture. Perhaps best of all, the […]
Yearbook 2005 Iceland. The actions of the large Icelandic finance companies aroused debate in Europe during the year. According to Swedish calculations at the end of the summer, Icelandic financial players such as Kaupthing Bank, the retail group Baugur et al. bought companies for the equivalent of SEK 67 billion, mainly in the UK but […]
Yearbook 2005 Hungary. According to countryaah, Budapest is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Hungary. Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány ended up in blustery weather early in the year after claiming that there were “many terrorists” in Saudi Arabia’s national football team. The Hungarian national team had played against them […]
Yearbook 2005 Greece. According to countryaah, Athens is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Greece. Greece continued to struggle with financial problems during the year. The 2004 budget deficit was 6.1% of GDP, the highest recorded in any euro area since the introduction of the single currency in 1999 […]
Yearbook 2005 Germany. The Social Democratic Government Party SPD continued its crusade when the state elections were first held in Schleswig-Holstein in February and then in North Rhine-Westphalia in May. The latter defeat was particularly noticeable because the state is traditionally a social democratic stronghold where the SPD has ruled for 39 years. The result […]
Yearbook 2005 France. The year offered unusually difficult trials for President Jacques Chirac and the French government. When voters opposite the political establishment’s line said no to the new EU Treaty, it became a real scrap with unforeseen consequences for the Union. Towards the end of the year, French suburbs were shaken by riots that […]
Yearbook 2005 Finland. In March, Minister of Care Liisa Hyssälä proposed that the alcohol tax should be raised again. In the spring of 2004, Finland lowered the alcohol tax to reduce the import of cheap liquor from Estonia, but the result was increased consumption of liquor and more steering wheel sobriety. However, Hyssälä’s proposal was […]
Yearbook 2005 Estonia. The coalition government’s long-standing disintegration became acute when Prime Minister Juhan Parts of Conservative Res Publica in February dismissed the Liberal Reform Party’s Foreign Minister Kristiina Ojuland. The formal reason was that secretly stamped documents disappeared from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ archives. After a few weeks, the Reform Party was avenged […]
Yearbook 2005 Denmark. According to countryaah, Copenhagen is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Denmark. Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen announced a new election to the Folketing at the beginning of the year, which was held in February. After a short electoral movement, the bourgeois coalition succeeded in defending […]
Yearbook 2005 Czech Republic. According to countryaah, Prague is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Czech Republic. Prime Minister Stanislav Gross was asked at the beginning of the year by the country’s anti-corruption authority to explain how he, with his salary, was able to pay for the luxury apartment […]
Yearbook 2005 Croatia. When the presidential elections were held in January, the only surprise was that Stjepan (Stipe) Mesić did not secure another five years as head of state already in the first round. Mesić, who was a candidate for a coalition of reform-friendly parties, is seen by many Croats as a country father. In […]
Yearbook 2005 Bulgaria. When the parliamentary elections were held in June, the Left Opposition, led by the Socialist Party, became the biggest expectation. King Simeon II’s party NDSV, which dominated the outgoing government, lost almost half of its voters. The socialists had predicted a stronger result in the election, but were considered to have lost […]