The revolution in the Russian Empire took place in 1917. In 1918 the country became the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic, which was able to prevail in the civil wars that followed, but suffered territorial losses. Belarus and Ukraine, which had made themselves independent at the beginning of the Russian Revolution, had been partitioned between the USSR and Poland after the Soviet-Polish war of 1920. In Poland, a kingdom linked to Russia in personal union since the Congress of Vienna, the republic was proclaimed in 1918. The former Russian-Baltic provinces of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania had also declared themselves independent states in 1918.Finland proclaimed its independence in 1917 and had been a republic since 1919.
While the borders of Portugal and Spain remained unchanged after the First World War, Italy was able to gain smaller areas in the north and east. In the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne under Kemal Ataturk, Turkey secured the state territory that roughly corresponds to today’s. In Ireland in 1916, the independent Irish Republic was proclaimed, in 1921, became the Free State after the transfer of the province of Ulster (Northern Ireland) to Great Britain. Iceland became an independent kingdom in 1918, linked to Denmark in a personal union.
In 1936, by occupying the demilitarized Rhineland, the German Reich first broke the Locarno Treaties, in which the European nations had guaranteed their territorial integrity in 1925, not least through the commitment of the German Foreign Minister Stresemann. The invasion of Austria in 1938 and the annexation of Czechoslovakia approved by England and France at the Munich Conference in 1939 were the immediate harbingers of the German war of conquest. For more information about the continent of Europe, please check ethnicityology.com.
Denmark includes the Jutland peninsula (with the islands of Rømø and Fanø in the west in the North Sea, the islands of Mors in the Limfjord, Læsø and Anholt in the Kattegat, Alsen in the Little Belt), the large islands of Funen, Zealand, Ærø, Langeland, Lolland, Falster and Møn between the Kattegat and the Baltic […]
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Whether Butrint was actually founded by the Homeric hero Aeneas, as the legend reports, will probably never be clarified. It is certain that the ruined city developed from a Roman spa and festival site to an early Christian baptismal center with Byzantine flair and that every era has left its mark. Ruined city of Butrint: […]
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Actors and directors Ulu Grosbard (1929-2012) film director. Ulu Grosbard was born in Antwerp in 1929, but had to emigrate with his family – they went to the USA via Cuba. Initially, Grosbard was very successful as a theater director. He was able to quickly bring his talent to bear on Broadway and was also […]
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The Spanish mainland is administered in 15 regions which, although they do not have statehood, as autonomous communities have a range of competencies comparable to the German federal states. For example, each region sets additional public holidays independent of those of the state administration, which is why you should inform yourself about the applicable public […]
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When the victorious powers at the end of World War II decided to strengthen international economic cooperation, it was against the background of the perception that the difficult economic crisis of the interwar period was a strong contributing factor to the war. They believed that the Great Depression of the 1930’s had been exacerbated by […]
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The emergence The World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed in 1995, but plans for an international trade organization already existed when the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank were formed in 1944. A decision was made in 1948 to establish the International Trade Organization (ITO) as a specialist body within the UN. However, […]
Continue ReadingTourist offices Great Britain Tourist Office Responsible for Germany, Austria, Switzerland VisitBritain – British National Tourist Board Dorotheenstr. 54 10117 Berlin Tel: 0049 – (0) 30 – 315 7190 Web: www.visitbritain.org Visit Britain 1 Palace Street London, SW1E 5HE Tel: 0044 – (0) 207 – 578 1000 Web: www.visitbritain.org Northern Ireland Tourism Board St. Anne’s […]
Continue ReadingChurches and sacred institutions St. David’s Cathedral The Welsh national saint, St. David, was buried near the small town of St. David. In his honor, the imposing church was built there, which makes St. Davids the smallest cathedral city in Great Britain. The largest Christian church in all of Wales dates back to the 12th […]
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The applicable law, over which the judicial system has to watch, is derived from various sources, namely the laws that were passed by the Parliament of the Republic of Kosovo after the constitution came into force in 2008, the regulations of the UNMIK administration and laws from the years before 1999. This means that Kosovar […]
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If you want that calm and beautiful beach life and at the same time be extremely close to the city that has culture, history, shopping and nightlife, then Cala Santandria is the perfect alternative. This resort is located just south of Ciutadella, formerly the capital of Menorca. Cala Santandria is one of Menorca’s smallest resorts […]
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Azure, gold, black and turquoise are the colors of the Canaries . Seven main islands form the group of islands in the eastern central Atlantic that belongs to Spain : Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro. Furthermore, the smallest inhabited Canary Island La Graciosa, which does not have its […]
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Milan is fashionable in all seasons. Interesting cultural attractions, great shopping and lively city life make Milan a fascinating holiday destination. Milan is a cultural tourist’s dream destination where old buildings and modern ways of life meet. The city is especially known for its high fashion and historically significant attractions. The city also offers the greatest […]
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FLIGHTS, ACCOMMODATION AND MOVEMENT IN JYVÄSKYLÄ Diverse Nature Sites, such as Oravivuori, one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites, attract people to the Jyväskylä region. Jyväskylä is playfully called the Athens of Finland, but the city actually resembles Rome in the sense that Jyväskylä is also easily accessible by several roads. It is easy to […]
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Yearbook 2005 Vatican City. According to countryaah, Vatican City is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Holy See. Pope John Paul II died at the age of 84 in his residence in the Vatican April 2 in the suites after a neck operation in February. After the operation, the […]
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Yearbook 2005 UK. Four Britons who were imprisoned in the US Guantánamo camp in Cuba were released at the end of January. They were arrested on arrival in the UK but released the following day. The men claimed to have been tortured in the camp, something the United States On April 9, Prince Charles marries […]
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Yearbook 2005 Ukraine. In January, the newly elected President Viktor Yushchenko took office. He appointed his armistice in last year’s “orange” revolution, the right-wing Liberal Yulia Tymoshenko, as new prime minister. She formed a broad coalition government with Yushchenko loyalist parties. pledged to fight corruption and to implement reforms in order to prepare Ukraine for […]
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Yearbook 2005 Turkey. After 40 years of efforts, Turkey began membership negotiations with the EU on 3 October. During the fierce discussions that led to the last of the EU Council of Ministers in Luxembourg, Austria objected to Turkey being offered full membership. Only when the EU gave Austria’s protectionist Croatia green light to start […]
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Yearbook 2005 Switzerland. In June, Switzerland approved the accession to the EU’s Schengen and Dublin conventions on closer security cooperation. According to countryaah, Bern is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Switzerland. This means that Switzerland will be part of the passport-free Schengen area. Parliament had decided on accession […]
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The breakthrough of democracy During the first two decades of the 20th century, political life was dominated by the closely intertwined issues of voting, parliamentary and defense. As early as the 1890s, an out-of-parliamentary voting rights movement with general and equal voting rights appeared on the program, with support mainly from socialists and radical liberals. […]
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Yearbook 2005 Spain. At the beginning of the year, the government issued an amnesty for illegal immigrants who had been living in Spain for at least six months and had work. It was justified by the fact that the country needs manpower. According to countryaah, Madrid is the capital and one of the major cities […]
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Yearbook 2005 Slovenia. According to countryaah, Ljubljana is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Slovenia. Parliament voted in February with a large majority for ratification of the EU Treaty on a new constitution. Slovenia became the third EU country to approve the treaty, but the referendum in France in […]
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Yearbook 2005 Slovakia. According to countryaah, Bratislava is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Slovakia. Slovakia’s capital Bratislava hosted a summit in February between US President George W. Bush and his Russian colleague Vladimir Putin. Land area 49,035 km² Total population 5,440,602 Residents per km² 111 Capital Bratislava (Pressburg) […]
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According to countryaah, Belgrade is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Serbia. In June 2000, the National Assembly passed a number of amendments to the Constitution, which included: implied that the president should be elected by direct popular elections and not by the National Assembly as before. The Constitution […]
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Yearbook 2005 San Marino. According to countryaah, San Marino is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of San Marino. In March, San Marino’s parliament approved an agreement with the EU on the taxation of savings accounts for non-residents. In addition, a declaration of intent was adopted with the aim of […]
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Yearbook 2005 Russian Federation. Pensioners across the Russian Federation protested in January that they had lost the benefit of free public transport from the beginning of the year and lost their discounts on medicines and electricity, among other things. In the demonstrations, slogans seemed like “Hitler took away a happy childhood and Putin a quiet […]
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Yearbook 2005 Romania. In April, Romania, together with Bulgaria, received the EU Parliament’s accession to the EU in 2007. But before that, Romania must further reform the judiciary, fight corruption, cut government subsidies and secure the rights of the Romanian minority, otherwise the EU entry may be delayed by one year. At the end of […]
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Yearbook 2005 Portugal. According to countryaah, Lisbon is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Portugal. The Socialist Party won big in the recent election in February over the ruling alliance between the Liberal Conservative Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the right-wing populist People’s Party (PP). For the first time […]
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Yearbook 2005 Poland. The acting government chief, Prime Minister Marek Belka, announced at the beginning of the year that he intended to step down and announce early elections. However, Parliament did not agree to an earlier election, and President Aleksander Kwaśniewski refused to accept a power vacuum at the Council of Europe Summit in Warsaw […]
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Yearbook 2005 Norway. Also in 2005, there was conflict over the Kurdish Islamist mulla Krekar, who has long had asylum in Norway but who has been accused of terror in Iraq. The government decided to expel Krekar, who was appealing but lost in court, with regard to the security of the state. However, the government […]
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Yearbook 2005 Northern Macedonia (until 2019 Macedonia). According to countryaah, Skopje is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of North Macedonia. Former Interior Minister Ljube Boskovski was prosecuted in March by the UN Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The charge against Boskovski as well as a former police officer […]
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Attractions in Newcastle Central station in Newcastle The main railway station in Newcastle opened in 1850 and was the first station covered the world, and it formed in many ways school for all upcoming railway stations in Britain. It has a neoclassical facade. See DigoPaul for dictionary definitions of Newcastle, United Kingdom. Includes geographical map […]
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Yearbook 2005 Netherlands. The first referendum ever held in the Netherlands was held in June, when voters had to decide on the Treaty establishing a new constitution for the EU. Few were surprised when the former EU-friendly Dutch voted against the treaty. The French no a few days earlier had strengthened the position of the […]
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Attractions in Naples Do you want an overview map of Naples with all the attractions? Click here for Map Naples! See DigoPaul for dictionary definitions of Naples, Italy. Includes geographical map and city sightseeing photos. Museo Archeologico Nazionale The Naples National Archaeological Museum was founded as early as the late 18th century. It has one […]
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According to countryaah, Podgorica is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Montenegro. Mafia In the 1990s, there was a major problem with cigarette smuggling in Montenegro. Smuggling is still a problem today, and not just with cigarettes. Guns, stolen vehicles, drugs, and even people are also sold illegally. These […]
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Yearbook 2005 Monaco. According to countryaah, Monaco is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Monaco. The head of state, Prince Rainier III, who has been on the throne since 1949, died in April, 81 years old. After three months of official country grief, his son took the title of […]
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Yearbook 2005 Moldova. Before the March parliamentary elections, President Vladimir Voronin accused “foreign forces” of meddling in Moldovan politics. Shortly before the election, groups of Russian and Belarusian citizens who were considered to want to disrupt the elections were rejected. According to Voronin, Moscow supported both the opposition Alliance Democratic Moldova and the separatists in […]
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Yearbook 2005 Malta. Since M. entered the EU in May 2004, more and more refugees have come to the island, most of them from northern Africa. According to countryaah, Valletta is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Malta. Malta has Europe’s toughest asylum policy, according to the UNHCR, which […]
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Yearbook 2005 Luxembourg. According to countryaah, Luxembourg is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Luxembourg. The Luxembourg people voted in a referendum in July for the Treaty on a New EU Constitution. Unlike several other EU countries, Luxembourg, despite voters in France and the Netherlands, previously voted no to […]
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Yearbook 2005 Lithuania. At New Year, the oldest reactor in the Ignalina nuclear power plant was closed. The second reactor will be closed in 2009. The EU has called for shutdowns because the reactors are of the same type as the Chernobyl accident reactor. The decision has aroused opposition in Lithuania, and Prime Minister Algirdas […]
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Yearbook 2005 Liechtenstein. According to countryaah, Vaduz is the capital and one of the major cities within the country of Liechtenstein. The ruling Civil Progress Party, the FBP, lost a mandate and lost its majority in the Land Day when elections were held in March. Even the largest opposition party of the Fosterlands Union, VU, […]
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