Category: Europe

The studies for a possible landing on the continent were begun at the British high command as early as December 1940, but it was only in the autumn of 1943 that the invasion plan was again put to study, and, this time, with intent more or less imminent implementation. The experiences of Dieppe, of Salerno, […]

During this period, while Sartine and then de Castries in the Navy reconstituted the fleet, and de Ségur in the War reorganized the army, Necker headed the financial administration. He tried to provide for the needs of the Treasury with savings, loans and above all with lotteries and issues of annuities. His personal credit and […]

According to thesciencetutor, the accession to the throne of Louis XVI was welcomed by all sides as a liberation. But if he had very good intentions in choosing the new ministers, he lacked the energy to break the court cabals from the beginning. Thus the maneuvers of the Duke of Richelieu and the Duke of […]

Despite the policy of acquiescence in front of England, followed since the time of Fleury, acquiescence that went so far as to recall Dupleix who was conquering India from France, the maritime and colonial rivalry fatally led to war. England joined with Frederick II, while France with the two treaties of Versailles (1756 and 1757) […]

To avoid an excessive enlargement of the house of Orleans (Philip V had abdicated and had ascended to the throne of Spain Louis I, son-in-law of the regent), the Duke of Bourbon broke the marriage contract between Louis XV and the infant and this was sent back to Spain. Having celebrated, despite the disapproval of […]

In his will, Louis XIV entrusted the regency to a council in which his son legitimated Duke of Maine was to have a preponderant part, although the presidency was entrusted to Philip d’Orléans. But the latter, who enjoyed the sympathy of the Jansenists, of the young, of all the discontented, and could count abroad on […]

According to shopareview, the basic platform of this fluctuating position is the relationship with the US, the keystone of which lies in the activity of Admiral W. Leahy, credited to Vichy by Roosevelt on November 23, 1940 and remained there until May 1, 1942. Montoire did not have followed up on the contact made in […]

France now enters the new Hitlerian order: the “French Republic” gives rise to the “French State” and a whole xenophobic, racial, anti-democratic and anti-militant legislation is enacted; but this new order appears as if it has been filtered through an old patina of ancien régime and of traditionalism of Action française. The Pétain-Count of Paris collusion (a […]

Under the terms of the armistice, whose application methods are so vague that France runs the risk of being suffocated, the French government is disarming the fleet and the colonial territory with the commitment not to place either nor the other in the service of England; as for the metropolitan territory, it – excluding a […]

During the domination of Luynes, one still had to fight against the great ones who had gathered around Maria. According to physicscat, the struggle ended with the treaty of Angers (1620) by which the queen obtained the freedom to approach the king and the faculty to keep those who had served her in their offices […]

But much more important was the action carried out by the government to revive the national economy which, at the end of the civil wars, was in disastrous conditions: the country was depopulated, the progress of agriculture stopped, internal exchanges hindered and made unsafe by exactions. and looting and even arbitrary tolls that reappeared here […]

According to pharmacylib, the beginnings of the new sovereign were very difficult: although, in the first moment of emotion for the regicide, all the lords had acclaimed him king, many later abandoned him. Meanwhile, the Guise party proclaimed the old cardinal of Bourbon, uncle of Henry (Charles X), king. But soon, a crowd of new […]

The Lorraine (Nancy, Metz) has several similar traits. We observe the differentiation of i followed by y into e, the passage, at least partial, of ü into i (- utum becomes i or, in front of nasal, ę n), of i and a i, the non-diphthongization of e and obefore j (ley, n œy), the reduction of üi to ü, of ei to a, the passage of ei to oi also in front of ł (soloil), of ę in the syllable course to a (matre “to put”), of æ a o (to “time”), the passage from – sj – to h? ?? (maho da mansionem), the conservation of […]

The complexity and precision of the syntactic norm based on an agile and varied phonetic system and morphological system applied to a very rich vocabulary make French the first and one can say the only literary language of today’s France. As in the Middle Ages, in the southern part of ancient Gaul, the language that […]

While Bonaparte was defeating the most powerful external enemy, the internal directorate had to fight on two fronts: against socialist ambitions (Babeuf) not very vigorous in truth, because by now the popular masses were tired and happy to have reached the three eights: bread, meat and wine for eight sous; against the monarchical reaction, more dangerous […]

An Anglo-Realist attempt to land at Quiberon was crushed by Hoche and the Vendée was pacified, France set off on the path of peace, the continuity of the spirit of the revolution ensured with the law of 3-13 Fructidor a. III (22-30 August), which ensured two-thirds of the seats in the new chamber created by […]

According to militarynous, the most rigid external and internal constraints replaced the principle of economic freedom of the Constituent and Gironde: all economic life was regulated from above: the maximum was imposed. on the price of grain and on wages; the forced course was given to the assigned; the stock exchange was closed; the death […]

Meanwhile, three armies were invading France, two Austrians and one Prussian: Longwy first, Verdun later fell into the hands of the Prussians, Thionville into the hands of the Austrians. The predominantly Girondist ministry, which had assumed power after 10 August, wanted to move the capital elsewhere, but Danton, who covered the department of Justice in […]

The new assembly met on 10 October 1791. The foglianti, divided as always into the two fractions of the lamethists and the fayettists, sat on the right: both fractions disputed the favors of the monarchy, but the lamethists won, proving to be more compliant towards the king, who accepted a ministry of their creatures and […]

According to hyperrestaurant, the limit of the work of the Constituent Assembly is the determination of the office of the monarchy, which reflects the contradictory situation in which it found itself: the monarchy with its passive resistances, its repentances, its insincerities does not conquer the revolution, but with its submissive demeanor not yet exasperated; on […]

Meanwhile, the various political tendencies were strengthened by means of clubs and newspapers. Among the clubs, that of the Jacobins excelled, which had many branches in the province, in which the Lameth, Duport and Barnave ended up prevailing in 1790; followed by the Société de 1789, made up of the friends of La Fayette, and the club […]

According to historyaah, the National Assembly felt the duty to consecrate this new state of affairs on the night of August 4th. At the initiative of the nobles and the clergy, personal feudal rights were declared abolished (corvées, manimorte, etc.) and the real ones can be redeemed; the state and elected countries renounced their franchises; […]

After nine months, through a long and complicated system but in the most authentic freedom, the elections ended, and on May 5, 1789 the inaugural session of the States General was held in Versailles: everything was discussed except the question of the modality of the vote, without which the assembly could not have worked. The […]

Having obtained the common intent, the convocation of the States-General and the first defeat of the absolute monarchy, the nobility, the clergy and the third estate were divided when it came to seeing in what sense the victory would be used: whether in the noble and reactionary sense or in the bourgeois and revolutionary one. […]

The development of the French language in the 16th century is characterized by two tendencies: on the one hand, the orientation towards Latin (and Greek) as a result of the Renaissance and humanism, on the other hand, the growing awareness of the value of one’s own language and the endeavor to expand its expressiveness (both […]