BACKGROUND AND CONVEYOR TECHNOLOGY
Oil sands are mixtures of bitumen, sands, clays and water. Two tons of oil sands contain about one barrel (159 liters) of crude oil. As a viscous, syrupy form of petroleum, bitumen cannot flow under natural conditions. It needs to be heated or diluted to flow in a well or pipeline. In addition, the oil must be separated from the other components of the oil sands. Therefore, the extraction of crude oil from oil sands is more expensive than the extraction from conventional deposits.
Since 1967, oil sands have been mined in Alberta using huge excavators. In separation plants, the bitumen is separated from the sands and clays on site (after adding hot water). In further energy-intensive processing steps, sulfur impurities are extracted, resulting in flowable synthetic light oil (processing).
Outside the Fort McMurray mining area, the bituminous oil sands are at a depth of more than 75 meters. A production can no longer take place in opencast mining, but only by means of the steam process. Hot water vapor is injected into the oil sands layer via boreholes, whereby the bitumen contained therein becomes flowable and can be brought to the surface with the aid of further boreholes.
For further processing into mineral oil end products such as fuel, the light oil produced is exported via pipelines to the Midwest or the west coast of the USA; this makes up around 60 percent of the delivery volume. The remaining oil is processed in refineries in Edmonton. Canada plans to export larger quantities of synthetic crude oil to Japan and China in the future. For more information about the continent of North America, please check ethnicityology.com.
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